First step to understanding and studying PERSIAN LITERARY heritage is to know historical grammar and specially sentences as the most important part of the speech. it is known that conjunctions play important role in the complex sentences. Writers of this essay have studied the conjunctions such as "if, otherwise (but), unless "and shown that there were three types of if condition with different structure and meaning. The research also indicates the subordinating phrases they made like "if…then "or "if…if not or unless "in selected PERSIAN LITERARY PROSES until 14th century.  It is shown that there were many different complex sentences with the various subordinators which each of them expressed quite specific meaning. Some of these structures have still remained; some changed or faded during the time. The research can help scholars to define the time of historical works as well as reanimating these structures to make the contemporary PERSIAN literature wealthier.

In addition to the texts devoted to the interpretation of the Qur'anic verses, other texts also contain sporadic interpretations of the Qur’ anic verses, among other things, which have not been considered from this point of view so far. The examination, extraction, and analysis of these interpretations have facilitated the understanding of the writers’ both the amount and sources of Qur'anic knowledge; moreover, it is a step towards the development of the sources of interpretation, especially those of the early PERSIAN prose writers, which is due to their close proximity with the Qur’ an's descent. Among these texts are the PERSIAN mystical works adorned by Qur'anic verses, which are, similar to specific commentary texts of the Qur’ an, worthy of further exploration. Since the earliest of these works have come to us from the fifth century AH, this paper reviews and analyzes the quantity of interpretations in the works of the monotheistic and mystical Iranian non-interpreter (from the middle of the 6th century) by perfect inductive method. It is worth noting that during the review of the mystical texts of PERSIAN prose in these two centuries (about thirty works), with a total of 925 verses, including the repetitive verses, this interpretation covers approximately one-seventh of the Qur'anic verses. These verses have been interpreted based on nine different methods and approaches, most of which are mystical commentaries and the least are interpreted by theological and verse-by-verse commentaries. The deductive method is a special technique for the interpretation of the Qur'an, which is widely used in some of these works. The quantity and quality of the interpretations in the present study and their proportion to each particular text are illustrated by various diagrams.

LITERARY criticism is one of the important LITERARY arenas that helps us to recognize the privileged literature, and it has based its evaluation on solid evidence, one of the most important of which is the LITERARY style used by author to write his LITERARY work. Vocabulary variation is one of the stylistic methods that, by measuring and comparing it in LITERARY texts of writers, we can find the treasure of existing vocabulary available to each author. In fact, the statistical aspect in the study of LITERARY styles is one of the fundamental criteria for the evaluation of LITERARY texts. The importance of this review in the field of LITERARY criticism, as an important step in avoiding mere speculation and analysis, is to understand the authors' styles. There are many ways to achieve the size of the vocabulary treasure for the various writers. The method we have chosen in this study is Johnson's method, which by measuring the similar and different vocabulary in LITERARY texts of a writer and comparing it with other authors' texts, it presents a clear and comparative picture of the vocabulary variety in the LITERARY texts of three great Abbasid writers, namely, Ibn al-Moghaafā , Jahez, and Abu Hayan Touhidi. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, by comparing the styles of these authors, concluded that Jahez's style has the most diverse vocabulary than the other two authors, and there is very little difference between Ibn al-Moghaafā 's style and Abu Hayan Touhidi's style. The main factor behind these differences is the scientific environment in which Jahez has lived and studied.

It is obvious that the language and, principally, the literature of each country can bring about the improvement of that language especially from an aesthetic point of view. By the word improvement, we do mean that PERSIAN language has reached a dead-end or it is afflicted, but we intend to say that the literature of each country draws on the improvement, beautification and richness of the language. Here is the reason why we intend to consider this matter: Knowing that the efficiency of the words and also their semantic scope are limited, the speaker cannot often find the best words to express his thoughts or even his experiences, therefore we have come up with the idea of finding a solution for this problem. By dividing, the language into two parts of Colloquial Language (Self-acting Language) and LITERARY Language (Method-escaping Language), we are trying to concentrate on the second part of this division to represent their own techniques for the amelioration of colloquial language.

During the last decades, interdisciplinary researches has been of serious notice in several world research centers and universities; as an approach in which the researchers create interaction among different fields of study and interlink them together in order to find a proper and suitable pattern for solving a variety of issues. This paper intends to familiarize the interdisciplinary research approach, in addition to introducing some of these researches which are related to LITERARY researches. This essay offers an accurate and precise definition on interdisciplinary researches and its various kinds in LITERARY studies, while the grounds and reasons for a keen interest in these researches and the basic principles of interdisciplinary researches are surveyed. Then samples of works which have analyzed, the PERSIAN LITERARY texts through this approach are introduced and surveyed. Studies reveal that during the last decade, PERSIAN LITERARY texts are analyzed through the interdisciplinary approach to a very high extent and as a matter of fact, this considerable increase and development has led to both the rereading and serious consideration of PERSIAN LITERARY works through a fresh attitude.

In the present paper, syntactic omission convections in English are investigated on the basis of Dixon (2005) in translations from PERSIAN for their being rendered explicit through translation. The data of the study entails PERSIAN LITERARY texts from different LITERARY genres, namely fiction, poetry, and drama. The study is in line with that carried out by Olahan (2001) which explored syntactic omission conventions in the translated English corpora of BNC and TEC. The present research is an attempt to investigate the findings presented by Olahan yet across three LITERARY genres and to inspect the behavior of optional syntactic explicitation pertaining to fiction, poetry, and drama translations. The results of the study revealed that explicitation of syntactic optional structures is a prevalent norm in modern PERSIAN-English translations of LITERARY texts and that among the proposed conventions, explicitation of the complementiser THAT followed by that of relative pronouns proves the most frequent in all LITERARY genres; yet, in other sub-categories, our findings do not confirm Olahan’s. The findings reveal that explicitation is applied as a LITERARY device in LITERARY translation.

Today commentary work has a significant role and place among the readers of PERSIAN LITERARY texts and those interested in them. The growing importance of commentary works in helping the readers understand and popularity of commentary works, notably in recent decades, has caused different commentators with different knowledge level and abilities to write comments and foster this disorganized market. This study intends to investigate the published commentary works in the past decades, analyze their week points. To do so, over 250 works, which have been written and published between 1300 AP (circa 1921 AD) and 1387 AP (circa2008 AD) and an attempt has been made to classify, describe, and analyze their most important problems and week points, and at the end, the most important items of best commentary and best commentators have been explained. This article intends to analyz the most important problems and week points of commentary works, which can be summarized in seven broad categories: 1) content shortcomings; 2) inappropriate approach; 3) incongruence between the structure of commentary work and type of the work and the commentator's objective; 4) lack of attention towards the readership; 5) carelessness and incompetency of the commentator; 6) complex statement and insensible language; 7) inaudibility of introductions.

We know ten collections of poetry under the title of Karnameh in the history of PERSIAN literature. Karnameh is a collection of verse in the form of heroic couplet in which the poet reproaches the court members by using parody. It is an independent LITERARY genre used for less than two hundred and fifty years in PERSIAN poetry. Some famous PERSIAN poets have composed Karnameh. Because of its importance, mostly Sanaee's Karnameh has been the focus of attention in PERSIAN studies and other Karnamehs have been considered as a part of Shahrashubsor an Ikhwani poem. There is no entry for Karnameh in dictionaries and encyclopedias. In this article, while introducing Karnameh in PERSIAN, its form, theme, audience, structure, and intertextual relations are investigated and it is shown that Karnameh can be regarded as a specific LITERARY genre.

Medical ethics is an interdisciplinary science which proceeds to morality issues and subject matters in the field of medical sciences. Medical ethics is also considered in different branches of the medical sciences including professions, medical researches and health system policy making. Several fields of human knowledge and insight including philosophy, law, sociology, psychology, economics and history contribute to the content of this topic. The medical ethics has been widely issued in the PERSIAN literature. The aim of the present study was to explore reflection of the medical ethics among the PERSIAN physicians using the first class PERSIAN texts. Accordingly, PERSIAN texts were not only filled with the ethical advices, but also included ethical characteristics of the physicians. Furthermore, these texts reveal that physician’s morality aggregates in his temperament and mentality. Moreover, the patient-physician relationship as well as issues such as secrecy, honesty and uprightness has been widely discussed in the PERSIAN texts.